Impact of Globalisation on Africa Essay Example for Free

Impact of world(prenominal)isation on Africa EssayThis course pull up stakes examine the critical and rapidly ever-changing comp championnt of the soil at the beginning of a new millennium as a result of internal and external factors, paying special attention to the state as a central player in ensuring the provision of public services, as well as facing the new challenges emerging around the world. It go away enable students to assess the impact of orbicular stinting liberalisation and information dissemination on goernments and their constituents engage in specific analyses of the changing economic consumption of the state, the variant actors and stake- operateers involved, the mechanisms of g everyplacenance at different levels and the emerging frustrations and violence. identify the capacities of and constraints facing g everywherenance processes critique the expression in which reforms undertaken by governments impact social, cultural and economic increment an d analyse the challenges faced by institution with regard to democratisation To accomplish this, the course is divided into three thematic areas 1. The State and the People (internal factors) Under this scratch part of the course, students will identify the basic components of state-craft, the different actors who come into play in decision making, the relative importance of each(prenominal) over the course of history, the constants in different geographic contexts, etc. With the advent of fresh economic, social, and environmental challenges, there is a strong sense among governments that their scope for autonomous public action is embodyence reduced by the forces of globalisation and the consequent growth of inter-dependence among states.Sound governance in the public vault of heaven is a critical factor for continued progress. A determined effort is thus required by governments in refocussing the capacities of the public sector to meet the emerging challenges, and to grasp the opportunities thrown up by the global trends in a new millennium. 2. The State and Globalization (external factors) Under this second part, students will review the process of rapidly increasing globalization, and its impact on the role of the state, the process of increasing inter-connectedness between societies such that events in one part of the world have increasing cause on people and societies far away.Economically, multi matter flows of commodities and production factors, such as groovy and labour, are being accelerated. Politically, the sovereignty of nation states is being undermined, and certain kinds of supra-national authorities are being enhanced. Socio-culturally, contacts between peoples in different parts of the world have become easier, enhancing the advent of a global culture and cultural homogenisation.The effect of the integration of markets, new information technology, the wearing away of sovereignty, the growing role of non-state actors, and sub-nation al groups, and an increasing inter-dependence among states, has resulted in the emergence of a global community, global returns, and global actions. Students will analyse the changes required in the functions of the state so that it clear goodly mitigate the impact of globalization to ensure sustainable development, and national security.3. Reconstructing the State (mechanisms of reform) Under this third part, students will review the need for recast the roles of the institutions of the state, as well as the normal interaction between the various stakeholders the state, the private sector and the civil order. They will analyse and debate on how national governance institutions can be reconstructed and retooled in different contexts within a climate of privatisation, participation, and decentralisation, how local governance can be promoted, how rule of impartiality and regulatory frame consummations can be established through responsible governance, and how democratic space can be created and maintained.This includes engaging civil society and the private sector in a dynamic partnership to improve the quality of developmental services, enhance social responsibilities, and ensure the broadest participation of citizens in civic life. The task o f the state is to take advantage of the forces of globalisation in providing a secure and stable domestic environment. The course will also analyse the manner in which the state can promote the participation of citizens in decision-making, enforce impartial legal frameworks, build transparency and promote accountability and equity, design policies on consensus, and provide strategic vision to overcome the challenges of mitigating the negative impacts of the global economy, transnational bodies, internationalist law, powers and power blocs, and sub-national fringe groups.READINGS While required readings will consist of the undermentioned texts which will be placed on reserve in the Library, additional articles f or each lesson may also be made available either over email or in hard copy. Some of these articles are cited in the various lesson descriptions below. Recommended Texts Globalisation, man development Report 1999, UNDP, available for free download at http//hdr.undp.org/reports/global/1999/en/ Reinventing Government, David Osborne, 1992. Reconceptualising Governance, Discussion report card 2, UNDP, January 1997, available for free download at http//magnet.undp.org/Docs/UN98-21.PDF/Recon.htm The Third Wave, by Samuel Huntington, make by the University of Oklahoma Press. Development as Freedom, by Amartya Sen, publish by Random House Anchor Books. The World Turned Upside Down? Globalization and the Future of the State, by Berry Jones, published by St. Martins Press. Globalisation and its Discontents, by Joseph Stiglitz, published by W W Norton and Company. The Lexus and the Olive Tree, by Thomas Friedman, published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Other General Texts Global isation and the State, World reality Sector Report 2001, United Nations Civil participation and Political Theory, Arato and Cohen, MIT Press, Cambridge. Democratic Governance, March and Olsen, New York Free Press. Globalization and the Nation-State, Holton, capital of the United Kingdom MacMillan.2 The Retreat of the State The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy, Strange, Cambridge University Press. Marc Williams (1996), Rethinking Sovereignty, Chapter 8, Elenore Kafman and Gillian Youngs (Eds.), Globalization Theory and Practice, London Pinter Globalization Theory and Practice, edited by Youngs, London Pinter The Twilight of Sovereignty How the Information Revolution Is Transforming Our World. Wriston, New York Charles Scribner. Governance in the Twenty- archetypal Century , Rosenau in Global Governance, Vol. 1, No. I (Winter 1995) Globalisation, State Sovereignity, and the never-failing Accumulation of Capital. Arrighi.A new version of a paper takeed at the Sta tes and Sovereignity in the World Economy conference, University of California, Irvine, 21-23 Feb. 1997. What Future for the State?, Strange, Daedalus Vol 124, ( mold 1995), 56. The Defective State, Strange, Daedalus Vol 124, Number 2, Spring 1995. The Retreat of the State The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy, Strange, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1996 Governance and Politics in Africa, Goran and Bratton, Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc. Colorado, USA. Institutions , institutional change and economic performance. North, Cambridge University Press. Making democracy work, Putnam, Leonardi, and Nanette, Princeton Princeton University Press. material body POLICIES Class Participation Class participation is essential in this course, and therefore, timely and regular class attendance is mandatory. Class attendance will be attach at the very beginning of each class. Attendance will be graded. Except for serious emergencies, and medical reasons, which must be brought to notice immediately over email, absences or late arrival will not be excused. It should be clearly noted that al to the highest degree leash of the Final Grade is qualified on attendance and punctuality. Drafting Particular speech pattern will be placed in this class on building up an ability to picture assignments and paper in a grammatically correct and logical manner, in presentations that can carry weight and conviction with the reader. The same will hold sure of oral presentations in class.Email Because of the importance link up to email and web pages, all students must have proper email accounts, and must check them on a regular basis every day. (All email addresses will be collected in the first class). Students should also maintain a group address (Listserv) of all classmates, including the Professor, so that messages of mutual interest can be circulated to all. Reference Formula All email correspondence MUST contain the following four-part Reference Formula in four roughl y places, namely, (a) as the only subject of the email (b) as the only first line of the text of the email (c) as part of the header of any attached assignment, and (d) as the filename of the attachment (initials of university)-(course symbol)-(initials of student)-(assignment number)3Example of the four-part Reference Formula NYU-G-XXX-A (where NYU stands for New York University, G stands for Globalisation, XXX are the students initials in capital letters, and A is the assignment number). Format of assignments Assignments will normally be submitted in hard copies, and must be saved in Microsoft Word (or WordPerfect) format exclusively. They should be saved with the same filename as the Reference Formula above, so that no confusion is ever created. Web-Sites Each student will be boost to maintain a personal web-page, which will be graded. (Some tips on the quickest means to establish student web-sites will be discussed in the first class).In addition, a Class Web-Page may also be m aintained as a group project. Each student will have to provide a personal thumbnail picture and a few lines of descriptive text for this Class Web-Page. These thumbnails have to be provided within the first two weeks of class. Other material on the class web-page will include summaries of class notes, and links to the personal web pages of each student reflecting their respective assignments. Assignments Assignments will include (a) One Mid-Term Paper (4-6 pages, one space, Garamond 12 or 14 pt. font, or equivalent) to be prepared and submitted by the 7th week of class. (b) One Final Paper (14-16 pages, single space, Garamond 12-14 pt. font, or equivalent) to be prepared and submitted by the 12th week of class.(c) Class Notes to be prepared each week by designated students working separately or in couples for each of the class sessions. (d) Oral presentations, supported by Summaries, on some of the essential texts (note The summary of the presentation MUST be circulated to all st udents and to the professor via email a full 24 hours before the presentation). Class Notes The objective is to maintain a complete record of the notes from each class on the home-page. The assigned group (which will always be different from the group preparing the presentations) will be responsible for preparation of the class notes.Class notes MUST be written within 24 hours after the class, and then circulated immediately via email to all. Class notes should not be longer then one page and should contain the following 1. The gist of the topics discussed in class. 2. The lessons learned News The daily reading of at least one leading American newspaper (New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, etc), one major(ip) foreign newspaper or weekly (London Guardian, Economist, etc), and one major American quarterly ( foreign Report) is required.All are available over the Internet. GRADING POLICY grade Notes In judging the quality of all assignments, the total grade for each o f these will be divided into three portions, one-third for the quality and formatting of the presentation, one-third for the factual accuracy of research, and one-third for the strength and persuasiveness of the opinions expressed. Extra weight will be given for any visible improvement of work manifested over the semester.4Grading values A+ (98-100) A (94-97) A-(90-93) B+ (88-89) B (84-87) B-(80-83) C+ (78-79) C (74-77) C-(70-73) D (60-69) F (59-less) Grading Break-up Attendance and participation Web-page nutriment Assignments (oral and written) Final or Term Paper SCHEDULE OF LECTURES30% 10 % 30 % 30 % academic session 1 INTRODUCTION Class policies and ground rules regarding, mechanical drawing techniques, web-sites, email addresses, oral book presentations, etc., and the road map of the semester will be discussed in detail. school term 2 THE ROLE OF THE STATE RIGHTS, DUTIES AND OBLIGATIONS This session reviews the definitions of the state, including the institutions of the l egislature, the judiciary, electoral bodies as they have traditionally been conceptualised. What are the duties of the state to the public? What levels of government carry out what duties? How does legislature respond to the inescapably of the state, its duties and obligations? Governments are established to respond to the ineluctably of their populations?What are these needs? How are they defined? What right do the people have to demand them? How do they make their concerns known? And in turn do they have duties to fulfill in their capacities as private citizens that contribute to the smooth functioning of their governments? What is the role of citizenry in good governance and in the utile functioning of the state? Book Presentation Globalisation, Human Development Report 1999, UNDP Other interchange Papers Public Sector Management, Governance and Sustainable Human Development. Discussion Paper1. UNDP, BDP/MDGD. January 1995, acquirable at http//magnet.undp.org/Docs/UN9821.PDF /Psm.htm The Challenge to the South, The Report of the South Commission, 1992. Available through http//www.southcentre.org/ The Rise of the Brand State, Peter van Ham, Foreign Affairs, Sep-Oct 2001 SESSION 3 UNDERSTANDING GLOBALISATION This session will attempt to define the parameters of the forces of globalisation in their historical and functional contexts. How does globalisation today differ from its foregoing versions? What are the respective roles of the state and the private sector in using theseforces ?How do states, citizens, businesses, benefit from these forces ? Who gains and who loses out in the process. Book Presentation Reinventing Government, David Osborne, 1992. Other dscussion papers Selling Globalization The Myth of the Global Economy, by Michael Veseth Globalisation, Human Development Report 1999, UNDP, Available at http//hdr.undp.org/reports/global/1999/en/default.cfm The Clash of Globalisations, Stanley Hoffman, Foreign Affairs, Jul-Aug 2002 SESSION 4 GOVERN ANCE AS A BASIC PRE-CONDITION TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Governance is a basic precondition for sustainable economic, social and political development. This lesson will timbre at the linkages between governance and development that is sustainable.It will review how systems of governance can effect development positively or negatively and the challenges constitute to the state and society. It will also look at accountability and transparency in dealing especially with corruption, which is a major concern in most countries. Book Presentation Reconceptualising Governance, Discussion Paper 2, UNDP, January 1997 Other news Papers Governance for Sustainable Development, a UNDP Policy Document, 1997, Available at http//magnet.undp.org/policy/default.htm decadence and Good Governance. Discussion Paper 3. UNDP, BDP/MDGD. July 1997 Available at http//magnet.undp.org/ under Discussion Papers Series. SESSION 5 THE INTEGRATION OF MARKETS, TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATIONThis lesson reviews the im pact of globalization on nations and countries all over the world. It examines the development of new technologies, and rapid information communications that are breaking down barriers of time and distance. It looks at the effect of odd integration of trade and financial transactions through electronic means and the massive diffusion of information through Internet and satellites. It examines the effect of globalization on the sovereignty of the state and the need for a change in its role. Book Presentation The Third Wave, by Samuel Huntington, published by the University of Oklahoma Press.Other discussion Papers Globalization and the Nation-State, by Robert J. Holton, London MacMillan, Philip G. Cerny (1996), What Next for the State?, Chapter 9, Elonore Kafman and Gillian Youngs (Eds.), Globalization Theory and Practice, London Pinter. The Knowledge Gap, Avinesh Persaud, Foreign Affairs, Mar-Apr 2001 SESSION 6 THE EROSION OF reign The process of globalisation is undermining the s overeignty of nation states and will lead to the eventual disintegration of the sovereign states system in international politics.The sovereignty of nations is being undermined by multiple sources technology, civil society, global consensus on issues such as human rights, democracy and governance. However, sovereign states are still the basic constituents of the international society. This lesson will look at the effect of globalization on the sovereignty of the state and review policies that need to be adopted to meet the requirements of the international community.Book Presentation Development as Freedom, by Amartya Sen, published by Random House Anchor Books. Other discussion Papers Philip G. Cerny (1996), What Next for the State?, Chapter 9, Elonore Kafman and Globalization Theory and Practice, by Gillian Youngs (Eds.), London Pinter, The Twilight of Sovereignty How the Information Revolution Is Transforming Our World, by Wriston, Walter, New York Charles Scribner, Will the Nati on State survive Globalisation, Martin Wolf, Foreign Affairs, Jan-Feb 2001 SESSION 7 THE ontogeny ROLE OF NON-STATE ACTORS The modern state is witnessing civil society, NGOs and the private sector becoming more(prenominal) powerful at the expense of the state. In some countries, the influence of some transnational corporations (TNCs) has become greater than that of the state.These TNCs are the most important single force creating global shifts in economic activity, and their strategies and operations are much influenced by the forces of technological change. Moreover, private investment has become a major source of funding for development activities. How can the state interact with these non-state actors gradually gaining a more prominent role? This lesson explores the different experiences and responses of nations to answer this question. Book Presentation The World Turned Upside Down? Globalization and the Future of the State, by Berry Jones, published by St. Martins Press. Oth er discussion Papers Governance in the Twenty-first Century, by Rosenau, James N. in Global Governance Vol. 1, No. I (Winter 1995) Public Sector Management, Governance and Sustainable Human Development.Discussion Paper 1. UNDP, BDP/MDGD. January 1995, Available at http//magnet.undp.org/Docs/UN9821.PDF/Psm.htm Assignment submission deadline for one of the following topics 1 How is globalization change the poor and other disadvantaged groups in developing and developed countries. Each student can either take one country or one aspect of globalization to prepare this summary. In other words the unit of analysis could either be one issue/aspect of globalization apply to different countries, or one country through which all aspects are brought together. or 2 Critically examine the problems of the civic and corporate responsibilities of multinational corporations.Students can either choose one company, or prepare a general note to examine how private sector companies can share social an d economic responsibility for the communities and groups in which they work. Such responsibilities might include, among other possibilities, support to local economic development, increasing awareness of human rights, supporting the government to fight interbreed border corruption, etc..SESSION 8 THE INCREASING INTER-DEPENDENCE AMONG STATES There is visible evidence about the emergence of a global community, global issues and global actions. Examples lie in multi-lateral organisations as in the United Nations system, and in regional institutions, as in the European Union, NAFTA, ASEAN, etc. Increasing interaction among states in tackling political, economic and financial issues, has resulted in a growing awareness that interaction at regional and global levels is essential in this globalized world. There is a need to address issues of peace, security, economic stability, indigence and health as global concerns.There is an awareness that global actions are becoming essential in ef fectively tackling problems which are acquiring global dimensions, for example, drugs, terrorism, global warming, crime, poverty, illiteracy, AIDS, etc. There is growing awareness also about the concept of global public goods. How can nations deal with this new interdependence? What is the most effective role for the state? This lesson reviews the effect of rapidly increasing globalisation in the 21st Century and its impact on national governments of the North and South. It looks at the issue of global goods, effects on the growth, distribution of incomes, availability of public services, and increasing inequities within countries and across nations and reviews the need for increased collaboration in policy, with particular emphasis on global governance. Book Presentation Globalisation and its Discontents, by Joseph Stiglitz, published by W W Norton and Company.Other discussion Papers Governance in the Twenty-first Century by Rosenau, James in Global Governance, Vol. 1, No. I (Winte r 1995) SESSION 9 THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALISATION AND LOCALISATION Globalization is forcing states to give up some sovereignty over global issues. The greater demand for decentralisation and citizen empowerment is also forcing states to devolve power, authority and finances to local levels. What is the role of decentralisation and how can this be distinguished from the process of devolution, and deconcentration? This lesson will look at institutional changes, experiences in decentralisation and democratic governance.Book Presentation The Lexus and the Olive Tree, by Thomas Friedman, published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Other discussion Papers Institutions , institutional change and economic performance, by North, Douglass, Cambridge University Press, 1990. Making democracy work, Putnam, Robert D., Robert Leonardi, and Raffaella Y. Nanette. 1993. Reconceptualising Governance. Discussion Paper 2. UNDP, BDP/MDGD. January 1997, Available at http//magnet.undp.org/Docs/UN98-21.PDF/Recon .htm Globalisation, Human Development Report, UNDP, Available at http//hdr.undp.org/reports/global/1999/en/default.cfm Globalisations Democratic Defeat, Joseph Nye, Foreign Affairs, Jul-Aug, 2001 SESSION 10 RETOOLING NATIONAL AND multinational GOVERNANCE INSTITUTIONS.Governments and international organisations are faced at all levels with increasing globalisation, population, and growing needs. New forms and ways of government functioning are emerging. The twenty first century is marked by a focus on democratisation, and an increased emphasis on global, national and local governance. The challenge is to restructure national governance institutions to deal with the impact of globalisation and the changing circumstances as well as providing efficient and effective public services with limited funds. Other discussion Papers The new institutionalism Organizational factors in political life. by March, James. G., and Hohan P. Olsen.. American Political Science Review 78 (3) 734-749.SESS ION 11 REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS AT THE INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LEVELS The objectives are, ensuring society-based supremacy of laws, establishing regulatory systems to set up effective regulatory frameworks and a rights based system, ensuring equal treatment before laws protecting life, seat and human dignity. How is law implemented in multijuridical states? What challenges does this present to governments? How does this affect the democratic representation of each citizen? The session will also look at overarching international juridical bodies who designs them, who informs them, how is their mandate determined and implemented.Particular attention will be focussed on the World Bank, the IMF, and the WTO. Country cases are used to illustrate the needs of establishing policies, laws and resource priorities at the national levels to ensure equity and justice, and the upholding of rule of law, bringing security, and predictability to social, political and economic relations in the worl d. Other discussion Papers The normal Declaration of Human Rights United Nations Available at http//www.un.org/Overview/rights.html SESSION 12 BUILDING NEW PARTNERSHIPS WITH CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE PRIVATE SECTORWhat constitutes civil society? What is the most effective role of civil society organisations at the local, regional and global level? Do they and should they have well defined mandates? How can they work collaboratively with government? In addition, beginning with a review of the traditional role of the private sector in the stability of a nation-state,what are the moral, financial and legal obligations that the private sector has both to governments and to its constituents, addressing the question of the appropriate tools for regulation, if any. It examines the vital role of the private sector in good governance and in mitigating the negative effects of globalisation. Other discussion Papers Citizens, Strengthening Global Civil Society. CIVICUS.Good Governance and Trade Po licy Are they the Key to Africas Global integration and Growth?. by Francis and Yates, Alexander World Bank. 1999, Available at http//wwwwds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDS_IBank_Servlet?pcont=detailseid=000094946_99032505 585398 Taxes and Bribery The Role of Wage Incentives. Besley, Timothy, and J. McLaren. Economic Journal, Vol. 103, January 1999. Final Paper submission deadline What is the issue of the changing role and power of the nation-state in the face of globalisation.Some argue that invincible globalising forces will inevitably lead to the demise or fatal weakening of the nation-state in international politics. This kind of argument is explicitly presented in titles such as The End of the Nation-State (K. Ohmae, 1996) and The Retreat of the State (Susan Strange, 1996) Others refuse this argument and contend that nation-states will hold fast to their traditional powers and sovereignty. Examine the conflicting arguments on the relationship between globalisation and the sovereignty of the nation-state. In doing this, look into the conceptual aspects of globalisation and sovereignty first, present the different views on the subjects, and try to arrive at some conclusions as to what the conflicting arguments imply for human development. or A focused single-topic paper, either on one of the following topics, or on any other relevant topic which is cleared in advance with the Professor (a) Corruption and Accountability.(b) Electoral neaten in Established Democracies. (c) Decentralisation and Democracy. (d) The Importance of Rule of Law and Access to Justice. (e) The Limits to the Capacity of the Public Sector. (f) The Uneven Impact of Globalisation. (g) The Erosion of Sovereignty. (h) The Role of Civil Society in the Future World. (i) The Role of Foreign Direct Investment. (j) Information Technology as a Driving Force. (k) Terrorism, causes and effects (l) Poverty and its Effects (m) New Doctrines in Law (n) Free Trade and Protectionism (o) Migration flows in a Globalised world. SESSION 13 FINAL SUMMATION CURRENT GOOD PRACTICES Several modules of good governance exist around the world.Students will identify different models of good governance and critically analyse its components establishing the reasons for the success of the models and identifying the circumstances where these models could be used as an example of ruff practices. What does capacity development for governance involve? How is the capacity of a national government assessed and what are the innovative approaches required to create an enabling environment and interrelation of groups and organisations. Other discussion Papers Governance for Sustainable Human Development. Discussion Paper 7. UNDP, BDP/MDGD. http//magnet.undp.org/policy/default.htm January 1997, Available at Corruption and Good Governance.Discussion Paper 3. UNDP, BDP/MDGD. July 1997, Available at http//magnet.undp.org/ under Discussion Papers Series. The Capacity to Govern Report to the Club of Rome. Yeheze kiel, The Commonwealth Portfolio of Current Good Practices and New Development in Public Services Management, Commonwealth Secretariat. 1996, Emerging Issues in Capacity Development, Proceedings of a Workshop. Institute on Governance, Ottawa, 1994. Spreading the Wealth, Dollar and Kraay, Foreign Affairs, Jan-Feb 2002 Is Inequality Decreasing, Galbraith and Pitt, Foreign Affairs, Jul-Aug 2002 SESSION 14 DISCUSSION ON FINAL PAPERS This session will review the Final Papers of students before the semester ends